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Diphtheria - Wikipedia. Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Myocarditis may result in an abnormal heart rate and inflammation of the nerves may result in paralysis. Some people carry the bacteria without having symptoms, but can still spread the disease to others. The three main types of C. Diagnosis can often be made based on the appearance of the throat with confirmation by microbiological culture.

Previous infection may not prevent against future infection. Three or four doses, given along with tetanus vaccine and pertussis vaccine, are recommended during childhood. Further doses are recommended every ten years. Protection can be verified by measuring the antitoxin level in the blood. Treatment is with the antibioticserythromycin or benzylpenicillin. These antibiotics may also be used for prevention in those who have been exposed to the infection. It is rare in the developed world due to widespread vaccination.

Death occurs in between 5% and 1. The disease was first described in the 5th century BC by Hippocrates. The bacterium was discovered in 1. Edwin Klebs. Symptoms of diphtheria include fever of 3. Diphtheritic croup. The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition, characterized by a brassy or . As a result, the term .

Breathing in of particles released from the infected individual leads to infection . The bacteria can be left behind and still remain viable until an uninfected individual touches the same surface or object.

Also, some evidence indicates diphtheria has the potential to be zoonotic, but this has yet to be confirmed. Corynebacterium ulcerans has been found in some animals, which would suggest zoonotic potential . Fragment B is a recognition subunit that gains the toxin entry into the host cell by binding to the EGF- like domain of heparin- binding EGF- like growth factor on the cell surface. This signals the cell to internalize the toxin within an endosome via receptor- mediated endocytosis. Inside the endosome, the toxin is split by a trypsin- like protease into its individual A and B fragments.

The acidity of the endosome causes fragment B to create pores in the endosome membrane, thereby catalysing the release of fragment A into the cell's cytoplasm. Fragment A inhibits the synthesis of new proteins in the affected cell by catalyzing ADP- ribosylation of elongation factor. EF- 2—a protein that is essential to the translation step of protein synthesis. This ADP- ribosylation involves the transfer of an ADP- ribose from NAD+ to a diphthamide (a modified histidine) residue within the EF- 2 protein. Since EF- 2 is needed for the moving of t. RNA from the A- site to the P- site of the ribosome during protein translation, ADP- ribosylation of EF- 2 prevents protein synthesis.

Superheroes, swimsuits, and special operatives await you in our Summer Movie Guide. Plan your season and take note of the hotly anticipated indie, foreign, and. In the 1960s, musical giants walked the earth. I vividly remember the first time I heard a song called "Expecting to Fly," in a UK record store. The symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to seven days after infection. Symptoms of diphtheria include fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or above, chills, fatigue.

ADP- ribosylation of EF- 2 is reversed by giving high doses of nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B3), since this is one of the reaction's end products, and high amounts drive the reaction in the opposite direction. People in this stage should seek immediate medical attention, as obstruction in the throat may require intubation or a tracheotomy. Abnormal cardiac rhythms can occur early in the course of the illness or weeks later, and can lead to heart failure. Diphtheria can also cause paralysis in the eye, neck, throat, or respiratory muscles.

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Patients with severe cases are put in a hospital intensive care unit and given a diphtheria antitoxin. Since antitoxin does not neutralize toxin that is already bound to tissues, delaying its administration is associated with an increase in mortality risk.

Therefore, the decision to administer diphtheria antitoxin is based on clinical diagnosis, and should not await laboratory confirmation. Antibiotics are used in patients or carriers to eradicate C. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends. The toxin can cause damage to the heart that affects its ability to pump blood or the kidneys' ability to clear wastes. It can also cause nerve damage, eventually leading to paralysis. About 4. 0% to 5.

Epidemiology. In children under five years and adults over 4. After the breakup of the former Soviet Union in the early 1. In 1. 99. 1, 2,0. USSR. By 1. 99. 8, according to Red Cross estimates, as many as 2. Commonwealth of Independent States were reported, with 5,0. The year is known as El A.

In England, it was known as Boulogne soer throat, as it spread from France. In 1. 82. 6, Pierre Bretonneau gave the disease the name diphth. The club shape of this bacterium helped Edwin to differentiate it from other bacteria. Over the period of time, it was called Microsporon diphtheriticum, Bacillus diphtheriae, and Mycobacterium diphtheriae. Current nomenclature is Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Friedrich Loeffler was the first one to cultivate C.

He also showed that the bacillus produces an exotoxin. O’Dwyer introduced the O'Dwyer tube for laryngeal intubation in patients with an obstructed larynx in 1. It soon replaced tracheostomy as the emergency diphtheric intubation method. Mulford Company of Philadelphia started production and testing of diphtheria antitoxin in the United States. This was the first ever standardization of a biological product, and played an important role in future developmental work on sera and vaccines.

In 1. 90. 1, 1. 0 of 1. St. Louis children died from contaminated diphtheria antitoxin. The horse from which the antitoxin was derived died of tetanus. This incident, coupled with a tetanus outbreak in Camden, New Jersey. Ruth was the eldest daughter of former President. Grover Cleveland and the former first lady.

Frances Folsom. She was the only one of the Clevelands' five children who died before adulthood. Only those who were not exposed to diphtheria were preferably vaccinated. A massive, five- year campaign was coordinated by Dr. As a part of the campaign, 8.

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company with an appeal to parents to . Mulford Company of Philadelphia (manufacturers) paid damages in every case.

One of the most infamous outbreaks of diphtheria was in Nome, Alaska; the . The 1 million cases in Europe resulted in 5. In contrast, in 1.

The 1. 5- year- old male patient died while workers searched for antitoxin. The 6- year- old child who died of the illness had not been previously vaccinated due to parental opposition to vaccination. Diphtheria Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine- Preventable Diseases (1.

Public Health Foundation. ISBN 9. 78. 09. 83. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. January 2. 00. 6.

PMID 1. 66. 71. 24. September 2. 01. 4. Retrieved 2. 7 March 2. PMC 5. 38. 89. 03 .

PMID 2. 77. 33. 28. Hospital airborne infection control. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 9. 78. 14. 39. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9. 78. 03. 23. PMC 4. 34. 06. 04 .

PMID 2. 55. 30. 44. Retrieved 2. 8 June 2. Pub. Med Health. Retrieved 2. June 2. 01. 5. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. XXV (1. 4): 5. 67–5. Retrieved 1. 6 April 2. British Medical Journal.

PMC 2. 29. 77. 55 . PMID 2. 07. 47. 85. British Medical Journal. PMC 2. 29. 77. 54 . PMID 2. 07. 47. 85. Our Home Physician: A New and Popular Guide to the Art of Preserving Health and Treating Disease.

New York: E. Retrieved 1. April 2. 01. 4. American Nurse Today. Archived from the original on 1. April 2. 01. 4. Retrieved 1. April 2. 01. 4. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2. Youwang Y.; Jianming D.; Yong X.; Pong Z. International Journal of Epidemiology. Iris (2015) Free Online Movie.

PMID 1. 52. 19. 87. A.; Wessels J.; Hart A.; Efstratiou A.; De Zoysa G.; Mann T.; Pritchard G. The Veterinary record. PMID 1. 99. 66. 33.

Journal of Bacteriology. PMC 3. 86. 06. 3 . PMID 1. 48. 50. 42. Journal of Bacteriology.

PMC 1. 69. 28. 3 . PMID 1. 49. 27. 57. Bacteriological reviews. PMID 1. 64. 17. 9. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine- Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book)(PDF) (1. Washington, D. C.: Public Health Foundation.

As a work of an agency of the U. S. CDC, Emerging Infectious Diseases.

October 1. 99. 8. Revista chilena de infectolog. American Academy of Pediatrics.

Bretonneau (1. 82.

Pono Pono. Player portable music player. In the 1. 96. 0s, musical giants walked the earth. I vividly remember the first time I heard a song called . The vast, reverberation- drenched sound was extraordinary; the frail, shaky alto voice of the singer riveting. Young's first solo album, released in 1. Jack Nitzsche; I bought the LP on the first day of release and, over the next few months, almost wore the grooves out. But Young set a precedent for his career by disowning that album; since then he has continually reinvented himself musically, sometimes even before the paint was dry on the current incarnation.

Development of the player was to be financed with a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign, which ended up raising $6. Details of the hardware and software were sparse, but we learned more when Pono. Music was launched at the 2. South by South. West Festival (footnote 1). We do one thing and we do one thing well, and that's make a great- sounding player, and supply the best- sounding files possible of the record, exactly the way the artist made it.

Some skeptical writers have proclaimed that releasing music in high resolution is unnecessary. On the Gizmodo site, for example, one Mario Aguilar said that people shouldn't buy what Neil Young was selling, proclaiming, . Later, it emerged that Aguilar had never actually heard high- resolution files through the Pono. Player, and had based his skepticism on a since- discredited 2. AES paper by E. Brad Meyer and David Moran. Nevertheless, with our experience of true high- resolution playback, we didn't see why the Pono project wouldn't be successful. As Jason Victor Serinus reported in his December 2.

I refer you to that review for a detailed description, but in brief, the Pono. Player has a triangular, Toblerone- bar shape, with a small color touchscreen at one end of its front panel. This screen's orientation rotates: no matter how you hold the player, the images are always right- side up.

Adjacent to the screen are three touchbuttons, labeled . The center button acts as both a Pause control and as access to the settings menus; longer presses put the player in Sleep mode, and power it on or off.

All other functions are accessed by touching and swiping the screen in a manner that will be unfamiliar only to those who haven't used a smartphone. Between the jacks is a blue LED that illuminates when a file downloaded from Pono.

Music World is played, in order to assure the listener of the file's provenance. At the other triangular end of the player are a micro- USB port and a triangular door, the latter allowing you to insert an auxiliary 6. GB micro. SD card, to expand the Pono's 6.

GB internal memory to 1. GB. Files can also be transferred to the player as a USB storage device by dragging and dropping them in the usual way. The Pono. Player's circuitry was developed by Charles Hansen and his team at Ayre Acoustics; the DAC is an ESS ES9. M, and while this chip is used for 2. PCM playback up to 1.

Hz, it does support DSD. It was announced at CES 2. Pono. Player will soon offer DSD playback. An album that has been growing on me since engineer Jim Merod handed me a copy at the 2. T. H. E. Show Newport is the Mike Garson Trio's Wild Out West (1. ALAC files ripped from CD, Blue.

Port). I am a fan of Garson's solo recordings for Reference Recordings, but on this live set the pianist is part of a classic piano trio, with double bass and drums. There are two takes of Miles Davis's .

When I listened to both versions of this classic tune through Sennheiser HD6. Pono. Player, Garson's 9' Yamaha grand was reproduced with convincing directness, and the bass solo in the first take had an excellent combination of the body of the instrument's tone and the notes' leading edges. Perhaps the cymbals sounded a touch too sweet—but my Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival recording of Brahms's Piano Quartet 2 in A (ALAC master file for Encore, Stereophile STPH0. In the mastering, therefore, to .

Francis Auditorium. The Pono. Player was sufficiently transparent to allow me to hear the artificial reverb tails, and, to my relief, after not having listened to the Brahms recording for several years, they didn't sound unnatural.